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Thursday, 09 July 2009
Wednesday, 08 July 2009
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OHCHR - 關於防止及懲治滅絕種族
翁Office of High Commissioner Of Human Right
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
OHCHR - 關於防止及懲治滅絕種族罪公約 -
WHAT IS GENOCIDE? 種族滅絕;集體屠殺
WHAT IS GENOCIDE?
關於此書 What is genocide? 作者：Martin Shaw
什麼是種族滅絕？
The term "genocide" did not exist before 1944.
“ 種族滅絕”一詞根本不存在1944年前。
It is a very specific term, referring to violent crimes committed against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group.
這是一個非常具體而言，指的是對暴力犯罪團伙的意圖毀滅的存在集團。
Human rights, as laid out in the US Bill of Rights or the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, concern the rights of individuals.
人權的情況，闡述了在美國的權利法案或1948年的聯合國世界人權宣言，關注個人的權利。
In 1944, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959) sought to describe Nazi policies of systematic murder, including the destruction of the European Jews. 1944年，
波蘭的猶太人律師名為拉斐爾爾萊姆金 （ 1900年至59年）試圖描述納粹政策的蓄意謀殺，包括摧毀歐洲猶太人。
He formed the word "genocide" by combining geno -, from the Greek word for race or tribe, with - cide , from the Latin word for killing.
他成立了“種族滅絕”一詞相結合基因型 -從希臘字的種族或部落，與- cide ，來自拉丁詞殺害。
In proposing this new term, Lemkin had in mind "a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves."
提出這一新名詞，爾萊姆金想到的“協調一致的行動計劃的目的是不同的破壞根基的生活民族群體，其目的是消滅群體本身。
” The next year, the International Military Tribunal held at Nuremberg, Germany, charged top Nazis with "crimes against humanity.
"明年， 國際軍事法庭在德國紐倫堡， 被控頂端納粹與“危害人類罪。
The word “genocide” was included in the indictment, but as a descriptive, not legal, term. “
種族滅絕”一詞被列入起訴書，但作為一個描述性的，不合法的，任期。
On December 9, 1948, in the shadow of the Holocaust and in no small part due to the tireless efforts of Lemkin himself, the United Nations approved the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. 關於1948年12月9日，在陰影下， 大屠殺 ，並在不小部分是由於所作的不懈努力爾萊姆金本人，聯合國批准了該公約關於防止及懲治滅絕種族罪。
This convention establishes "genocide” as an international crime, which signatory nations “undertake to prevent and punish.” It defines genocide as: 本公約的規定“種族滅絕”作為一種國際罪行，其中簽署聯合國“進行，以防止和懲治。 ”它定義種族滅絕：
[G]enocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
[ G ]條enocide指下列任何一種行為意圖摧毀，全部或部分，一個民族，人種，種族或宗教團體，例如：
(a) Killing members of the group;
（ a ）殺害該團體的成員;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
（b）造成嚴重身體或精神傷害該團體的成員;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
（ c ）故意對本集團的生活條件 ， 使計算毀滅其全部或部分;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
（ d ）強制施行辦法 ， 意圖防止該團體內的生育;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
（ e ）強迫轉移該團體的兒童至另一團體。
While many cases of group-targeted violence have occurred throughout history and even since the Convention came into effect, the legal and international development of the term is concentrated into two distinct historical periods: the time from the coining of the term until its acceptance as international law (1944-1948) and the time of its activation with the establishment of international criminal tribunals to prosecute the crime of genocide (1991-1998).
雖然許多案件組目標的暴力行為發生，甚至在整個歷史上，因為該公約生效的法律和國際發展的長期主要集中分為兩個不同的歷史時期：時間從衝制的任期，直至其 被接受為國際法律（ 1944至1948年）和時間的活化與建立國際刑事法庭起訴犯有滅絕種族罪（ 1991-1998年） 。
Preventing genocide, the other major obligation of the convention, remains a challenge that nations and individuals continue to face.
防止種族滅絕罪，其他主要義務的規定，仍然是一個挑戰，國家和個人繼續面對。
For more information, please visit the Web site of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Committee on Conscience (see related links below).
欲了解更多信息，請訪問該網站的美國大屠殺紀念館的良心委員會（見相關鏈接下文） 。
The mandate of the Committee on Conscience is to alert the national conscience, influence policy makers, and stimulate worldwide action to confront and work to halt acts of genocide or related crimes against humanity.
該委員會的任務的良知，提醒民族良知，影響決策者，並刺激全球行動，以對付和工作，制止種族滅絕行為或有關危害人類罪。
What is Genocide? 什麼是種族滅絕？
Responding to Genocide Today 今天回應種族滅絕
The Story of Raphael Lemkin 拉斐爾的故事爾萊姆金
World is Witness geoblog 世界目睹geoblog
USHMM and Google Earth: Crisis in Darfur USHMM和谷歌地球：達爾富爾危機
Genocide Prevention Task Force 防止滅絕種族專責小組
What Can I Do? 我能做什麼？
Special Focus: The Nuremberg Trials and Their Legacy 特別關注：紐倫堡審判和他們的遺產
See related products in Museum shop 選取相關的產品在博物館商店
The Holocaust 大屠殺
Genocide Timeline 種族滅絕時間軸
Rwanda: The First Conviction for Genocide 盧旺達：首次定罪滅絕種族
Rwanda 盧旺達
Darfur 達爾富爾
The Crime of Genocide 滅絕種族罪
Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington,DC
版權所有©美國大屠殺紀念博物館，華盛頓特區
Encyclopedia Last Updated: May 4, 2009
百科全書上次更新時間：2009年5月4日 -
Genocide Watch
The International Campaign to End Genocide
停止有計劃種族滅絕運動
Genocide Watch calls on UN to initiate action against Meles
Genocide Watch
site:genocidewatch.org genocide watch
genocide.org analyzes genocide, holocaust and democide studies
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